Examples Of Punishments In Dantes Inferno - 1187 Words

Dantes Inferno explores the nature of human suffering through a precautionary light. As Dante and Virgil move through the Inferno, Dante sees what has become of people who overindulged in things such as, lust, gluttony, violence, and bribery. Few of the punishments described in the Inferno have a direct correlation to the sin that the souls committed while they were living. Rather, they are a representation of what happens when we commit those crimes against ourselves and others. We create hells for not only ourselves, but those who we have sinned against. These hells are almost impossible to come back from as most of these sins cannot be taken back or undone. Some of the punishments that were clear representations were the punishments of†¦show more content†¦5. 7-9). Our conscience is a powerful and can move us to confess our own sins. Minos is a constant reminder that we cannot take back what we have done, and it that we know have to live in this hell that we have created for ourselves. Shakespeares King Lear has a different take on the nature of human suffering. While Inferno offers hope for the living so as not to meet the same fate as the souls in hell, Shakespeare simply laments the consequences that our choices cause and the implications have for us. Lear never expected that his choice of dividing his kingdom among his daughters would eventually lead to his demise, as well as his cherished daughter Cordelia. When Lear made the decision to divide up his kingdom, his only thought was that we would finally get to retire in peace. Many times, our decisions also have unforeseen consequences. When Goneril and Regan betrayed Lear was blindsided. He never knew that they were so evil and were capable of being so coldhearted. For all he knew they were his loving daughters, who were going to take care of their aging father. After all, they had just professed their love for him with their flattery. Much is the same for us. Many times, we put our faith in others to satisfy us, only to be let down. This kind of suffering can be disheartening because it can make us lose faith in our loved ones and the ones who we trusted. Another aspect of human suffering found inShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Punishment In Dantes Inferno925 Words   |  4 Pagesform of punishment for things done on Earth after death. Dante Alighieri of Florence in the 1300s created modern society’s viewpoint on hell. He wrote his Divine Comedy, which consisted of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. In The Inferno, Dante discusses Dante the Pilgrim’s journey through the Underworld in order to reach Heaven. A leopard, lion, and she-wolf block Dante’s way to Heaven, so he follows the poet Virgil through hell in order to reach Heaven. Deborah Parker states, â€Å"Dantes Inferno, widelyRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Inferno And Thomas More s Satirical Dialogue `` Utopia ``1366 Words   |  6 Pagessetting, characters, and theme.. Dante’s Inferno and Thomas More’s Uto pia are perfect examples of the use of irony as they utilized the various techniques throughout their stories. There are a plethora of accounts where irony is apparent, including the sceneries, dialogue, and titles that are portrayed in their work. This essay will examine and compare the uses of irony in Dante Alighieri’s narrative poem, Inferno and Thomas More’s satirical dialogue, Utopia. Dante’s Inferno describes distinctive usesRead MoreVoltaire s Candide And Dante s Inferno1562 Words   |  7 PagesIn Voltaire’s Candide and Dante’s Inferno they offer two takes on their views of religion. In Voltaire’s Candide he satires religion and questions it because of how morally corrupt religious are and how wrong it is to persecute another person’s religion. In Dante’s Inferno he reflects and shows why his religious beliefs are the reasons why people are in hell as well as why his religion justifies certain people being in hell. In Voltaire’s Candide religion is one of the main targets of what VoltaireRead MoreEssay about Dante’s Version of Hell859 Words   |  4 PagesIn Dante’s Inferno, we followed Dante as he narrates his decent and observations of hell. A wonderful part of that depiction is his descriptions of the creative yet cruel punishments that each of the different sinners receive. This story is an integral part of literary history, and even if I were to have the imagination and ability of Dante Alighieri, I don’t believe I would change this tried and true version known universally. Since I have the desire to maintain the validity of Dante’s versionRead MoreThe Inferno And The Systems Theory1220 Words   |  5 PagesDante’s Inferno is an allegorical tale that reflects a tumultuous time in Florence. The Inferno reflects the common thinking of religion and Christianity at the time and through examination of both the Inferno and the systems theory, a better understanding of life in Florence, at that time, can be better comprehended. The systems theory is a model that explores the intertwined aspects of a given civilization. Dante’s Inferno details aspects of the systems theory that can be used to better understandRead MoreWhos Hell is this Anyway? Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, wrote in the Inferno of his journey through hell. Virgil, an ancient roman poet of the Augustan period, wrote the Aeneid that tells the legendary story of Aeneas. Within both of these poems there was a visit to the underworld, creating a skewed picture of th e underworld. THESIS After becoming lost in his ways of life, Dante introduces his first character, Virgil. By introducing Virgil, Dante is foreshadowing for the thought process of the Aeneid in relation to the Inferno. In Canto I VirgilRead MoreDantes Voyage Through Hell1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Inferno was written by Dante Alighieri around 1314 and depicts the poet’s imaginary journey through Hell. Dante spent his life traveling from court to court both lecturing and writing down his experiences. His Divine Comedy – the three-part epic poem consisting of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso (Hell, Purgatory and Heaven)– is generally regarded as one of the greatest poetic feats ever accomplished. All three parts are incredible literary feats with symbolism so complex and beautiful thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Comedia 947 Words   |  4 Pagesbest known for his critically acclaimed epic poem, Comedà ¬a, which would later be called The Divine Comedy. Comedà ¬a has 3 parts: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The first installment, Inferno, may currently be the most well known of the three poems, spawning countless reprints, several movies and even a video game. Despite being known as a comedy, anyone who has read Inferno realizes that the story is full of symbolism, double entendres, political messages, allusions, religious undertones†¦ the listRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Dante s Inferno954 Words   |  4 PagesDante’s Inferno is an amazing nonfiction piece that was meant to vindicate many lessons to its readers. As well as, depict what Dante believed hell to be, and express some of his concerns with divine justice, and the appropriate punishments for the crimes committed. While reading this epic piece it spoke in many ways, and it addresses similar issues that are still prevalent in current culture. This religious allegory seems to focus on punishments, and how it should equal up to the wrong that wasRead MoreGreek Vrs Christian Views1283 Wo rds   |  6 Pagesare complete opposites as depicted in Dante Alighieri’s play The Divine Comedy: Inferno compared to Euripides play Medea. The Christian view differs from the Greek account of evil by the belief in God. The Christian view has clear boundaries of good and bad behavior as shown in Inferno while the Greek belief is that nothing is inherently evil as seen in Medea. The Christian and Greek views differ on the punishment directly related or unrelated to the evil behavior. Violence as an act of evil

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 1869 Words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a dangerous virus that attacks the human immune system. Someone infected with the virus can live with HIV, or be HIV positive, for many years without any illness or showing symptoms. During this time, HIV remains in the body damaging the immune system and the person remains infectious. HIV causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) if it remains untreated. AIDS is a stage of HIV where one can have life threatening illnesses. However, infection with HIV does not mean that one has AIDS. AIDS is the last stage of HIV and people can lose their lives at this stage. HIV is a virus that can be transmitted but AIDS cannot be transmitted. (Can.org.au, 2008) HIV is most prevalent in African countries†¦show more content†¦Origin of HIV Fig. 1 (Chimpanzees in Africa spread HIV to humans.) Scientists discovered a type of Chimpanzee in Western Africa and identified it as a source of HIV. There is conflicting information about who the was first person to get the HIV infection. Some sources state that it was Gaà «tan Dugas, a Canadian flight attendant, (Williams, C. 2011, and interview) however, Internet research shows that the first documented victim of HIV was Robert Rayford. There is agreement between scientists that HIV was transmitted to humans through the blood and meat of chimpanzees which are a common source of meat in parts of Africa. This is how they came into contact with the infected blood. Once the virus had crossed into humans it slowly spread in Africa. Fig.1 shows the process of transmission of HIV through chimps to human. (THE AIDS INSTITUTE, 2014) Symptoms of HIV HIV symptoms do not appear in a patient for years but some patients experience flu called ‘Acute Retroviral Syndrome’ (ARS) or primary HIV infection. Infected people may have symptoms such as fever, swollen glands, sore throats, rashes, fatigue, joint and muscles aches, headaches, shortness of breathe, cough, weight loss and diarrhoea. Among these symptoms, swollen lymph nodes are often one of the first sign of HIV infection. Individuals not treated at the early stage of HIV have a higher chance of developing AIDS. Typically it takes up to 10 years for this last

Explain the process of counseling in detail Free Essays

The initial interview describes the first contact with the client who is the individual in need of counselling. It completes the intake process, a sort of admission of the client into the formalities of counselling. Importance of the Initial Interview: The initial interview is of much importance for several reasons: 1) It helps the counsellor get to know the client better, and make appropriate plan for intervention. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the process of counseling in detail or any similar topic only for you Order Now These plans include taking up the client for counselling or referring the client to another, appropriate, treatment service. 2) It helps the client to get to know the counsellor etter, and to obtain reassurance and even crisis support, when necessary. 3) It affords the counsellor the opportunity to explain the nature and goals of counselling, and to agree upon the practical arrangements for counselling with the client. In short, the initial interview will help the client and the counsellor to begin the process of understanding and accepting one another. The initial interview normally should proceed along the following lines: 1) Statement of the problem in clear, unambiguous terms 2) Systematic evaluation of the problem, its causes and its effects 3) Identification of circularity 4) Feedback to the client 5) Evaluation of the client’s motivation for counselling 6) Clarification of expectations 7) Setting of goals 8) Establishing a contract 9) Making the practical arrangements for counselling. Let us examine each of these steps that will enable us to actually understand the process involved. Statement of the problem in Clear, Unambiguous Terms More frequently, their thoughts are muddled, and heavily laden with emotional content. Clients do not say, â€Å"l am anxious†, or â€Å"l am depressed†. Instead, they frequently commence with an account of what happened, where and when and how. Often, a client comes for counselling because he has been compelled to do so by a family member, friend, or well-wisher. Such clients are, more often than not, unlikely to cooperate whole-heartedly with counselling. Clients sometimes have difficulties in complying with the practical arrangements for counselling; for example, they may reside too far away, or may not be able to obtain leave from work. A greater problem, however, is that many clients are unwilling to make the personal or life-style changes that are necessary if they are to benefit from counselling. For . example, a husband, ho is convinced that all his problems originate in his wife’s behaviour, may not be willing to accept that he is responsible in many ways for them, and that he needs to make certain changes in his attitudes and behaviour if his marriage is to survive. Or, while a drug addict may realize that his addiction is ruining his life, he may not be willing to give up the company of the friends who are encouraging him in his deviant habits. It is important that the client realizes that the counsellor can only facilitate change; the client must make the primary effort. Breaking maladaptative habits is difficult. Making life-style changes is difficult. The client must be willing to make the necessary efforts with the guidance of the counsellor. It is important, for several reasons, to assess motivations that led the client to seek counselling. If the counsellor understands that the client is poorly motivated for counselling, he can provide an appropriate feedback to the client. Then, in consultation with the client, he can arrive at a pragmatic decision concerning whether or not to proceed with counselling. If a client shows poor motivation and the counsellor decides not to go ahead with counselling, he saves for himself, and his client, a lot oftime. He also saves himself a lot of heartburn; had he proceeded with therapy, and had the client shown poor progress, he would in all likelihood have blamed himself, or questioned his competence. If a client shows poor motivation and the counsellor does decide to proceed with therapy, he would probably set far more modest goals than he would have had the client been more motivated. It may be noted here that the evaluation of motivation is an ongoing process. A client may begin counselling enthusiastically but may later weaken his resolve when he realizes what behavioural changes are necessary. Clarification of Expectations The counsellor needs to find out what the client expects from counselling. Some clients tend to believe that once they tell the counsellor their problems, it is the counsellor’s responsibility (and not their own) to fmd the solutions. Some clients believe that the counsellor will magically work out solutions for problems that have existed for years. The counsellor should, right from the early stages of counselling, put his client on guard against unreasonable expectations, such as expectations of dramatic cures, total cures, one-sided compromises, etc. From a practical perspective, t is imperative to ascertain what the client believes will occur during counselling. Some clients believe that the counsellor will put them on a couch and psychoanalyze them. Other clients believe that the counsellor will ask questions about their childhood. Doubts, misconceptions and myths that clients come with should, General goals of counselling are to reduce emotional distress, to reduce dysfunctional behaviour, to promote adaptation, to develop potentials, and to assist in decision-making. After obtaining a general understanding of the client’s problems and expectations, specific goals of therapy need to be set. The counsellor needs to guide the client in the setting of specific goals because the client is quite likely to be uncertain of what may be expected from counselling. Such goals are best explicitly stated as specific emotional and behavioural changes that are acceptable and desirable to the client and to society. Thus, an ethical element exists in all goal- setting exercises. It is important to break down important goals into their logical sub- components or sub-goals, which, by virtue of such identification, are more easily tackled. For example, when engaging in marital counselling, goals may be stated as follows: 1) Mrs. A should feel less depressed. 2) Mr. Mrs. A should improve their understanding and cooperation on the following issues: a) Disciplining of their children; b) Distribution of household responsibilities; c) Sex d) Relationship with the in-laws etc. Stating goals in such a specific manner may generate a long, laundry-like list; however, there is no bar to the number of goals as long as all the goals are specific, clearly defined, reasonable, and attainable. How to cite Explain the process of counseling in detail, Essays

Historical Entrepreneurial Development

Question: Discuss about the Historical Entrepreneurial Development. Answer: Introduction: The article delves into the historical entrepreneurial development of SMEs in China from 1978 to 2014. These enterprises have undergone tremendous improvements as a result initiatives by the Beijing governments. The article is explorative in nature as it utilizes government statistics and other literature in business development phases of SMEs in China. The article argues that from the year 2002 onwards the government embarked on reforms targeting mainly the government owned SMEs. The reforms also was aimed at helping the privately owned SMEs and encouraging more SMEs to be privately owned as opposed to state- owned. The reforms included restructuring, leasing, joint-partnerships contracting and sale-off and merger and acquisition all aimed at reducing state-ownership of SMEs. It further finds that the market role in resource allocation and effecting self-operation status of SMEs is fundamental and should be left to be at play freely. That it is also fundamental for the SMEs to be encouraged to optimize industrial and handle the matter of the state owned SMEs properly to avail level playing ground to all SMEs in China. The Government should always strive to ensure that no SME receive/takes undue advantage against the other SMEs. (Murphree, Tang, Breznitz, 2016) The strength of this paper is that it advocates for fair competition across the industry and that there shouldnt be companies that have unfair advantage against the others simply because it is state-owned or have government connections. This is a fundamental and integral part of any market it is to witness growth and business development of all players in the market. However it should have conducted its own investigation as opposed to only depending on government statistics. This can be met by interviewing SME owners to get their views on the market and business development in general. (Murphree, Tang, Breznitz, 2016) The three main concepts of Chapter 4 of the book; Diversity in Entrepreneurship: The Role of Women and Ethnic Minorities that the author advocates here are; economic equality across all groups of people, diversification of business among all groups and inclusivity of all in matters of common interest. This is because the writer has put Women and other marginalized groups as agents of affirmative change in entrepreneurship. (Deakins Freel, 2012) On chapter five of his book; social entrepreneurship, the three main concepts that the authors brings out strongly are, community development, welfare and diversification of entrepreneurship. The author here espouses the need for setting up business not only for the purposes of profit making but also to solve social challenges that faces the society. The reason for this is that the authors largely develops their plots here on community welfare as opposed to profit. (Deakins Freel, 2012) On chapter six; Corporate Entrepreneurship, three main concepts that the authors advocate are, profit making, expansion and gaining competitive advantage. They argue that business here is not about community or affirmative actions but rather making money of the business. This is the main goal of the business venture and other responsibilities such corporate social responsibility comes secondary to the profit making. (Deakins Freel, 2012) References Deakins, D. Freel, M. (1999). Entrepreneurship and small firms. London: McGraw-Hill. Deakins, D. Freel, M. (2012). Entrepreneurship Small Firms (6th ed.). McGraw Hill Higher Education. Hisrich, R., Peters, M., Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurship. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Murphree, M., Tang, L., Breznitz, D. (2016). Tacit local alliance and SME innovation in China. International Journal Of Innovation And Regional Development, 7(3), 184. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijird.2016.079456.

Reign Of Louis The Xvi Essays - Knights Of The Golden Fleece

Reign Of Louis The Xvi There is great mystery surrounding the death of Louis XVI. Many different events led up to this. His actions before, during, and after the French Revolution greatly affected his fate. The French Revolution was a very important time period in European history. However, the situation in France under Louis XVI, was a negative one. France had great financial problems and it was infested with plagues of all sorts. A lot of the financial problems were because of the American Revolution, among many other wars. Because so much financial aid was given to armies in these wars, Louis XVI was forced to raise taxes on much of the nobility. The financial problems only got worse in the following years because the government went bankrupt. Much of the blame for this was placed on Louis XVI. He was described as a weak, stupid, and incapable king. He was often more concerned with his own affairs than the affairs of his own people. He very rarely did his own work, much of the time leaving the work up to advisors and ministers. He used much of the peoples money for his own entertainment. He also spent a lot of money on his wife, Marie Antoinette. He listened to his wife a lot, which may not have been the best idea for him. She convinced him to ignore the financial problems in France and spend all the money on her. She also told him to fire some chief advisors, important advisors that probably could have prevented the French Revolution for ever happening. He never attempted to pay back any of the debt, he kept spending more money, making the predicament worse. There became tensions between the social classes, often between nobility and the peasants. Living conditions were very poor. The nobles had all the right, while the peasants were stepped on by everybody. Nobles had a say in public affairs, were entitled to a trail at special courts, and enjoyed financial advantages. They paid the basic tax once a year and that was it. Peasants and commoners made up 80 percent of the population. They struggled to survive and were heavily taxed. All the money peasants made went to taxes and bread. Peasant unemployment resulted in many homeless citizens, emigration, and death . People became homeless because they could not afford to pay taxes. The crisis of Europe was felt the most in France. As population increased, inadequate agriculture productivity and bad harvests came along too. Soon the price of grain was more than the peasants wages. Also, the standard of living declined. Even though the whole situation was not Louis XVIs personal fault, the decisions and choices he made, made the situation even worse. During his reign he made some very poor decisions that could have influenced the end result of the French Revolution. He was influenced greatly by many people around him. One of these people was Finance Minister Jauques Necker. Throughout Louis XVIs reign, he was often helped, supported, and even betrayed by Necker. Necker made a lot of the kings decisions and persuaded him. He seemed to be on Louiss side but then Necker published an account of the royal finances, which showed the heavy costs of the privileges and favoritism. This action did not lo ok good for the monarchy. Necker was soon fired. His wife influenced him to attend to the interests of Austria and ignore the financial crisis in France. It was also her idea to fire one of his most trusted advisors who may have been able to actually prevent the revolution. Her lifestyle and the fact that she was a foreigner made her very unpopular with the public. In the late 1780s both classes were unhappy with the financial situation and wanted a change. However, Louis never took advantage of this situation to create new reforms and gain the support of the people. Under pressure from nobility and other powers, Louis agreed to meet with the Estates-General. This provided more controversy and provided a stronger force against the French monarchy. European History

Personality Types of Students in a Typical Classroom

Personality Types of Students in a Typical Classroom Middle school kids are at different places academically, emotionally, and socially, and teachers need to work with all of them. Personalities also come heavily into play, as they do with adults. Youll want to be prepared for a wide range of personalities before entering any schoolroom of students at this age. Bully Bullies typically pick on students who either cannot or will not defend themselves. Bullies themselves are often exceedingly insecure people who prey on weaker individuals. There are physical, verbal, and cyber bullies. Most students will not stand up for others who are being bullied for fear of repercussions, and schools and parents need to be diligent in spotting this behavior and working to prevent it in and out of the classroom. Busy Body These students might be full of energy and lack focus to concentrate on the task at hand. From constantly bouncing in their seats or talking all the time to moving around the classroom at inopportune times, their activity can overwhelm the classroom. Find ways to keep their attention and keep them from distracting others. Sometimes students who are busybodies are dealing with learning challenges like ADD or ADHD and may need assessments to determine if there are underlying causes for their behavior. Class Clown Every classroom has students who believe their job is to keep the remainder of the class entertained. These students love the attention and make getting laughs their primary goal. This action often gets these students into trouble, as their behavior can detract from the learning that needs to happen. As such, they are often referred to the office for disciplinary action. Clueless These students often dont seem to get it. They may not understand social cues or sarcasm or are oblivious to what is happening around them. They can sometimes be easy targets for bullies, especially verbal bullying. They might be referred to as dumb or â€Å"airheads.† They are typically laid back and easygoing. Motivated Motivated students are often extremely hard workers with specific goals they are trying to achieve. They may or may not be naturally smart, but they can typically overcome any learning issue through hard work. Teachers love to have motivated students because they are eager to learn, asks questions, and do anything to reach their goals. Motivated students can sometimes be the target of the bullies, who may tease them about being teachers pet. Natural Leader Everyone looks up to natural leaders. They are typically tremendously enthusiastic, well-liked, and well-rounded individuals. They often do not even realize that other people look up to them. Natural leaders often lead by example and have the unique ability to get people to listen to them when they do speak. Nerd Typically, nerds have above-average intelligence. They are often seen as different or quirky and are physically immature for their age. They often have unique interests compared to their peers and can be extremely fixated on those interests. This can make them targets for bullies. Organized These students are almost always prepared for class. They seldom forget to complete homework and bring what they need to class. Their locker or desk is exceptionally neat and orderly. They are always on time and ready to learn when class begins. They do not forget deadlines, are adept at staying on task, and are good at managing their time. Pot Stirrer A pot stirrer loves to create drama without being in the center of the situation. They look for little pieces of information that they can use to turn one student against another. These students are master manipulators, even changing stories to ensure drama. They understand what buttons to push, for both other students and the teacher, and they are excellent at doing just that. Quiet as a Mouse These students are often shy or withdrawn, or they might be introverts. They only have a few friends, and those friends are also typically quiet. They are never in trouble, but they rarely participate in classroom discussions. They avoid conflict and stay clear of all drama. It can be tough for a teacher to gauge how much these students are learning, but its important to find a way to connect. These students can be incredibly bright and highly motivated to learn, but prefer not to be involved in drama. Respectful These students rarely have anything unpleasant to say and can be model students. They are often on task and are typically well-liked by their peers. Respectful students usually abide by the rules, rarely cause disruptions in the classroom, and are active participants in class  discussions. They are typically hard workers and leaders, and involved in activities and sports. In general, they are motivated to do more than the bare minimum and are quick to look for new opportunities for involvement and to and try new things. Smart Aleck These students are extremely sarcastic, argumentative, and confrontational. They question or comment on everything that anyone, including the teacher, says. They are often sharp-witted and can respond quickly to any situation. These students have a unique ability to get under a teacher’s skin and enjoy doing just that. Socialite Socialites would talk to a wall if they thought it would talk back. They always have something to say and find it difficult to go even a few minutes without talking. They love classroom discussions and are the first to raise their hands when the teacher asks a question. There is no limit to the topic. They are experts at everything and love to hear their own voice. Unmotivated Unmotivated students are often labeled as lazy, even though that might not be the case. They seem to lack the internal drive to succeed academically, or they are just there because they have to be. In some cases, they do not have the necessary parental support at home to be successful or have a learning difference that hasnt allowed them to work to their fullest potential. They often frustrate teachers because many have tremendous ability, but appear to refuse to put in the time needed to complete or turn in assignments. Sometimes these students need extra assistance or testing to rule out learning differences. Unorganized These students can frustrate a teacher. They continuously forget to take homework or important notes home. Their locker or desk is chaotic. They often turn in crumpled papers due to being crammed into a locker, backpack, or book. They are often late to class/school and are terrible at managing their time. They may still be actively engaged and do well in school, or they may struggle with their academics.

Adv Disadvantages of Leadership Development Methods

Professional qualifications that require refreshing will be supported if they are an essential criteria for the post| * Trust induction * Trust Essential Update training * Manual Handling * Professional re-registration training * PRINCE2, MSP, LEAN| * Provides an understanding of how the Trust works * Provides health and safety training * Sends out a clear message that professional registration is recognised, important and is supported| * Trust induction training tends to be very generic and does not necessarily relate to the job role * Training for re-registration is not always timely * Is dependent on funding * Cost implications of ensuring that the training budget can cover training| Elective Learning| Courses that are not part of the essential criteria for the post will be deemed to be elective and will be subject to the trust policy on supported learning| * Courses identified as part of the personal development plan * Influencing skills * Negotiating skills * MS Project/Other IT Skills * Meets specific needs for the individual * Can be delivered by others in the team or by a generic course * Ensures that leaders are given requisite skills| * Some generic courses do not cover specific requirements * Is dependent on funding being available| Work Assignments| Work assignments will be seen as an opportunity to help leaders develop specific competencies or practice key behaviours. * Specific goals will be set as part of personal development plans * Feedback on progress will be done either via formal appraisal or by 1:1 feedback with line managers| * Reiterates the message that lessons can always be learned * Gives leaders the growth opportunities to put theories and models into practice * Learning by doing| * Unless well managed there is a tendency to concentrate on ‘getting the job done’ * Opportunities are not always recognised or used to the full advantage| Special Assignments/Initiatives| Involvement in short-term assignments or initiatives either generated from within the team or as part of a project team| * Attendance at programme or project board meetings * Involvement in assignments/initiatives

Writting health care paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writting health care paper - Essay Example Looking at the financial statement and the type of assets the MCMPC owns gives an impression is MCMPC is in need of further strengthening its finances in order to take on the competitors. The key features are; Strengths †¢ No long-term debt, that implies company can better exercise its options in expansion and diversification. †¢ MCMPC used its financial resources to open a new department, used one million to set up the cardiology department †¢ Over the last 20 years MCMPC has seen consistent growth and its revenues reached $22 million in 2007 with good profit margins. Weaknesses †¢ Despite operating for the last 20 years, the organization is not yet large enough, and has its presence at limited locations only. †¢ Company scores poorly on the management of HR. For quite some time, company is not able to recruit specialists and subspecialist because while some are associated with competitor company Innovative hospital or there are some who are not impressed by the leadership skills of Dr. Balko. †¢ Since the year 2008, the balance sheet of the company is in red, with projections for 2010 also pointing towards a loss. †¢ MCMPC had to use cash to setup cardiology department, which in turn resulted in poor showing on financial figures and ratios. The current ratio was the only part of the statement that was above standard Not having enough cash for short term debts or emergencies is a gross management shortcoming 2. Competencies: It indicates the skills that the employees or physicians of MCMPC offer. Strengths The healthcare company is able to provide urgent primary and specialty services in areas of its presence. Caring and accommodating staff An excellent physician in the form of Dr Balko Weaknesses Company lacks specialists and subspecialist necessary to ensure uninterrupted services to its customers. Company not having strategic tie ups with other companies like its competitor/s Lack of discipline amongst staff. For example, no prescribed uniform for the staff, no regular staff meetings, lack of any formal management structure for decision taking, questionable decisions being taken by the Director of Operations who happened to be Dr. Balko's secretary in the past Office premises appears sloppy at times 3. Capabilities: Having the resources and the competencies to create a strategic plan that can allow the organization to see what they are able to do with what they have. Strengths Open long hours and keeping good relationship with patients. Dr. Balko stays late to care for his patients. Staff attitude quite accommodative, caring and responsive towards

Post-War Evolution of The Aircraft Manufacturing Industry Case Study - 1

Post-War Evolution of The Aircraft Manufacturing Industry - Case Study Example The speed was required in both the military and commercial jets. The piston engine was improved into a powered engine that could propel the jet at a speed higher than that of sound. The jet engine is based on Newton’s law of motion. The reactor in engine generates thrust through propulsion that makes the jet to move very fast. This was a very great milestone to the jet evolvement. Throughout the development of aircraft engine, engineers faced the challenges of trial and error where they overlooked some of the key aspects that they had to review. The new jets with high power engines lacked hydraulic flight control systems that were very important in a flight, air conditioning and ejection seats among others. Engineers had to come up with other models that would accommodate new modifications for a stable flight. The engineers wanted to make a jet that could easily maneuver on air. During this period, many different jets became obsolete before they made the great innovation due to the trial and error. After World War II, the engineers decided to improve the reliability of the aircraft that could be used for both military and commercial purposes. They wanted a jet that can fly under harsh weather conditions without losing its stability. To achieve this engineers spend lots of time to perfect on the high power engines. There was also the challenge of making the engine power without increasing its weight. The bigger the engine, the more powerful it is. The engineers had to choose the effective materials that would make a big, reliable and light engine The engineers also faced the challenge of making an engine that will be economical in fuel consumption. With time, the engineers came up with an engine that could propel the plane across the ocean with less fuel than what the piston engine consumed (Albert and Army War College, 1997). The development of this engine had a very great social impact on the people.  

The Social Contract Theory Essay Example for Free

The Social Contract Theory Essay The Social Contract Theory as propounded by Hobbes is based on the ratiocination that if left entirely free, human beings will act against their own self interest in the long term unless they are subjected to an authority figure which monitors their interests for peaceful co-existence on the whole. The scenario which constitutes freedom employs the concept of State of Nature while the provision that envisages an authority figure forms the basis of Social Contract. Under State of Nature, a mans own self interest when followed without consideration for others under the pretext of competition, survival and vainglory results in a sort of cataclysmic man against man scenario. In such a scenario, man starts giving reins to his baser instincts of survival without consideration for others. To avoid this, individuals need to cede their rights to a sovereign authority, in a Social Contract, that protects their interests without infringing on another’s interests. For this, it is imperative that the ruling authority be above petty prejudices and biases to bind each individual who would otherwise on their own be competitors and not always agree with their different notions of justice and fairness. The direction of actions of individuals to a peaceful co-existence requires a set of rules that forms the basis of morality which is meaningless under State of Nature, where personal interests without regard for others is the only rule at play. The covenant of Social Contract thus enforces a positive transformation of men from chaotic self serving entities to individuals enjoying order and peace in an organized society. Pleasing all being an impossible proposition, any misgivings against the authority in a Social Contract resulting due to abuse of power have to be borne as a price for peace over the chaos in State of Nature. It must be mentioned however that the individuals still retain the right to protest and demand explanations in case of excesses by the sovereign authority. References Hampton, Jean (1988). Hobbes and Social Contract Tradition. Cambridge University Press.

White Fang :: essays research papers

Two outdoorsmen are out in the wild of the north. They are on a mission to deliver the body and coffin of a famous person. Their dogs disappear as they are entised by a she-wolf and eaten by the rest of the pack. They only have three rounds of ammunition left and Bill, one of the men, uses them to try to save one of their dogs that is being attacked; he misses and is eaten by the pack with the dog. Only Henry and two dogs are left; he makes a fire with leaves and scattered branches, trying to drive away the wolves. They draw in close and he is almost eaten, saved only by a company of men who were traveling nearby. The wolves are in the midst of a starvation. They continue on running and hunting, lead by several wolves alongside the she-wolf, and when they finally find food the pack starts to split up. The she-wolf mates with one of the wolves and has a litter of pups inside an abandoned cave. Only one survives after several more famines and harsh weather, and he grows strong and is a feisty pup. The puppy learns the basics of hunting and survival. They come to an Indian village where the she-wolf's (who is actually half-wolf, half-dog) master is. He catches her again and White Fang, her pup, stays nearby. Soon, she is sold to another Indian, while White Fang stays with Gray Beaver, her master. White fang whines and cries but it does'nt help. The other dogs of the village terrorize White Fang, especially one named Lip-lip, who for now is bigger and stronger. White Fang becomes more and more vicious, more like a wolf than a dog, encouraged by his master who beats him. One day he meets is mother and is turned to a light-hearted pup but, his mother does'nt even notice him. He kills other dogs that used to terroize him. Gray Beaver goes to Fort Yukon to trade and discovers whiskey, which he calls sweet water. White Fang is passed into the hands of Beauty Smith, a monster of a man who got Grey Beaver drunk and tricked him into selling Whit Fang. Beaty Smith put White Fang ino dogfighting and he fights other dogs until he meets his match in a bulldog from the east and is saved only by a man named Scott. White Fang :: essays research papers Two outdoorsmen are out in the wild of the north. They are on a mission to deliver the body and coffin of a famous person. Their dogs disappear as they are entised by a she-wolf and eaten by the rest of the pack. They only have three rounds of ammunition left and Bill, one of the men, uses them to try to save one of their dogs that is being attacked; he misses and is eaten by the pack with the dog. Only Henry and two dogs are left; he makes a fire with leaves and scattered branches, trying to drive away the wolves. They draw in close and he is almost eaten, saved only by a company of men who were traveling nearby. The wolves are in the midst of a starvation. They continue on running and hunting, lead by several wolves alongside the she-wolf, and when they finally find food the pack starts to split up. The she-wolf mates with one of the wolves and has a litter of pups inside an abandoned cave. Only one survives after several more famines and harsh weather, and he grows strong and is a feisty pup. The puppy learns the basics of hunting and survival. They come to an Indian village where the she-wolf's (who is actually half-wolf, half-dog) master is. He catches her again and White Fang, her pup, stays nearby. Soon, she is sold to another Indian, while White Fang stays with Gray Beaver, her master. White fang whines and cries but it does'nt help. The other dogs of the village terrorize White Fang, especially one named Lip-lip, who for now is bigger and stronger. White Fang becomes more and more vicious, more like a wolf than a dog, encouraged by his master who beats him. One day he meets is mother and is turned to a light-hearted pup but, his mother does'nt even notice him. He kills other dogs that used to terroize him. Gray Beaver goes to Fort Yukon to trade and discovers whiskey, which he calls sweet water. White Fang is passed into the hands of Beauty Smith, a monster of a man who got Grey Beaver drunk and tricked him into selling Whit Fang. Beaty Smith put White Fang ino dogfighting and he fights other dogs until he meets his match in a bulldog from the east and is saved only by a man named Scott.

Battle of Gettysburg and Union

The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the American Civil War. This is the most famous and important Civil War Battle that occurred on July 1st-3rd 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. More importantly Gettysburg was the clash between the two major American Cultures of their time: the North and the South. The Confederacy had an agricultural economy producing tobacco, corn, and cotton, with many large plantations owned by a few very rich white males. These owners lived off the labor of sharecroppers and slaves, charging high dues for use of their land.The Southern or Confederate Army was made up of a group of white males fighting for their independence from federal northern dictates. The Union economy was based on manufacturing, and even the minorities in the North were better off than those in the South most of the time. The Northern politicians wanted tariffs, and a large army. The Southern plantation owners wanted the exact opposite. The South was fighting against a governm ent because they thought they were being treated unfair. An analysis of the Battle of Gettysburg reveals one challenge facing the Union and the Confederacy was unjustified taxes and slavery.The battle began on July 1, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg began when the Confederate cavalry ran into the Union horsemen. Both sides then called for backup. The Confederates’ back up arrived first; they now had twice as many men as the union. Soon after Union General John Reynolds arrived, he was shot in the back of the head and killed instantly. They confederates drove the Union south of town. Everyone set up for battle and waited until day two. The excitement of the battle began on day two, July 2, 1863. By morning, 150 thousand Union and Confederate troops had joined at little Pennsylvania town.The Confederates occupied a line west of the Emmetsburg Road, along the Seminary Ridge. While the Union men waited along Cemetery Ridge. The union had an advantage because; Cemetery Ridge was a somewhat more elevated. On day two the Union won overall. The following events occured on day two: Little Round Top, Devil’s Den, Battle of the Wheatfield, Battle of the Peach Orchard, and the Battle of Cemetery Hill. The number of casualties in the Battle of Gettysburg was enormous compared to any war. The casualties of just day two are the union at 8,750 and the confederate at 6,500. One of the major events from day two was the Devil’s Den.It is unique because the Confederate won which was very uncommon. â€Å"Devil’s Den is the name given to a ridge strewn with large boulders south of the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and about 500 yards west of Little Round Top on the Battle of Gettysburg battlefield. The origin of the name is uncertain. On July 2, 1863, the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, the area around Devil’s Den saw intense fighting as part of General Robert E. Lee’s flank attacks, when Lieutenant General James Longstreet†™s Confederate corps attacked the divisions of Major General Daniel Sickles’ III Corps of the Army of the Potomac.Some 5,500 Confederates from Major General John Bell Hood’s division ultimately captured Devil’s Den from 2,400 defenders drawn from Major General David Bell Birney’s division. It was one of the few Southern successes in that day’s fighting. Total casualty estimates are over 800 for the Union, more than 1,800 among the Confederates. † (The Devil's Den) This event/location is also significant because Major General John Bell Hood was wounded and was forced to yield his command. There were two main locations of the Battle of Gettysburg, they were Little and Big Round Top.Little Round top is the smaller of the two. It is located between Taneytown and Emmetsburg roads. At the time of the battle â€Å"it was known locally by various names including Sugar Loaf. † (Little Round Top) Major General Governor K. Warren, chief enginee r of the Army of the Potomac, rushed troops to Little Round Top; they arrived minutes before the Confederates did. The 20th Maine Regiment charged late in the battle, which foiled a flanking attempt by the 15th Alabama. Overall the battle at Little Round top the union won. The final day of battle was on July 3, 1863.Both the Confederates and the Union had their plains of winning the battle. Robert E. Lee from the Confederate side decided they should charge into the middle of the Union line and break the line into two. When Robert E. Lee decided on the Plan to charge through the middle of the Union line Major General George Pickett knew it would not succeed. He tried to talk Lee out of it, but Lee instructed Pickett to charge. Major Picket followed these orders. This is known as Pickett’s Charge. The charge took place â€Å"between Seminary and Cemetery ridges, Gettysburg battlefield, Pennsylvania. (Pickett’s Charge)While all of this was occurring â€Å"General Slocum attacked Confederate troops at Culp’s Hill to regain territory loss the previous day. This fight lasted for a good 8 hours finally forcing the Confederates to retreat off of Culp’s Hill. † (Gettysburg Day Three) In the end the Union won. â€Å"Culp’s Hill was the right-most flank of the â€Å"fishhook† line formed by Union Army troops during the Battle of Gettysburg and saw fighting all three days of the battle. Culp’s Hill has two rounded peaks with a narrow saddle between them.Although heavily wooded and unsuitable for artillery, the main peak of Culp’s Hill rises substantially above the surrounding landscape, at a little over 200 feet above the town of Gettysburg and 127 feet higher than Cemetery Hill. With Baltimore Pike, critical for Union Army supplies and preventing Confederate advance on Baltimore or Washington, DC, to the east and Confederates approaching from Rock Creek to the west, Culp’s Hill was critical to Union strategy. † (Culp’s Hill) The Union had two main places throughout the three days they were located. Cemetery Hill was the site of Army’s weaponry.The hill is north of Cemetery Ridge. The defense of the Union line begins to â€Å"to turn east to form the â€Å"fishhook† line to Culp’s Hill. † (Cemetery Hill) Cemetery Ridge is about two miles long and 40feet above surrounding land. The Confederate Army launched attacked the Union many times at Cemetery Ridge. These attacks took place on day two and three. On each attack they were forced to fall back on each occasion. On November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln gave a famous speech called The Gettysburg Address. The speech was a dedication to the Soldier’s National Cemetery.Soldier’s National Cemetery is a cemetery for Union soldiers killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. The speech is as follows: â€Å"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new natio n, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — we cannot consecrate — we cannot hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the g reat task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. † (Gettysburg Address Text) The actual main speaker of the night was Edward Everett. He spoke for two hours all from memory. Finally, the Battle of Gettysburg was won by the Union.The war didn’t end slavery, but instead furthered the advancement in ending slavery. Years after the war in 1865 the 13th amendment was adopted and slavery was then on out illegal. The war was not just about slavery, but also about taxes. The higher taxes came about to the south when Lincoln needed money. All in all the Battle of Gettysburg is the bloodiest war and had the most causalities. Works Cited â€Å"Battle of Gettysburg. † Summary ; Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/battle-of-gettysburg;. â€Å"Cemetery Hill. † Gettysburg. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 012. ;http://www. historynet. com/cemetery-hill;. â€Å"Cemetery Ridge. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Cemetery Ridge Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/cemetery-ridge;. â€Å"Culp's Hill. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Culps Hill Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/culps-hill;. â€Å"The Devil's Den. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Devils Den Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. om/devils-den-gettysburg;. â€Å"The Gettysburg Address. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Gettysburg Address Co mments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/the-gettysburg-address;. â€Å"Gettysburg Address Text. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Gettysburg Address Text Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/gettysburg-address-text;. â€Å"Gettysburg Day Three. † Battle of Gettysburg, Gettysburg Battle Summary, Gettysburg Address. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. ivilwaracademy. com/gettysburg-day-three. html;. â€Å"Little Round Top. † Battle Summary ; Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/little-round-top;. â€Å"Pickett's Charge. † Pickett's Charge. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. . Samit, Christian G. â€Å"Battle of Gettysburg — Day Two. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Battle of Gettysburg Day Two Comments. America's Civil War Magazine, 29 Aug. 2006. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. hi storynet. com/battle-of-gettysburg-day-two. htm;.

Naturalism in Miss Julie Essay

†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Naturalism developed in France in the 19th Century as an extreme form of realism. It was inspired in part by the scientific determinism of Charles Darwin, an Englishman, and the economic determinism of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, both Germans. Four Frenchmen—Hippolyte Taine, Edmond and Jules Goncourt, and Emile Zola—applied the principles of scientific and economic determinism to literature to create literary naturalism. According to its followers, literary naturalism has the following basic tenets: (1) Heredity and environment are the major forces that shape human beings. In other words, like lower animals, humans respond mainly to inborn instincts that influence behavior in concert with—and sometimes in opposition to—environmental influences, including economic, social, cultural, and familial influences. Miss Julie, for example, responds partly to her inborn female instinct for male companionship and partly to her environmentally induced hatred of men. Consequently, she both desires and despises Jean, causing her deep internal conflict. (2) Human beings have no free will, or very little of it, because heredity and environment are so powerful in determining the course of human action. (3) Human beings, like lower animals, have no soul. Religion and morality are irrelevant. (Strindberg, an atheist when he wrote Miss Julie, later converted to Christianity under the influence of the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg. ) (4) A literary work should present life exactly as it is, without preachment, judgment, or embellishment. In this respect, naturalism is akin to realism. However, naturalism goes further than realism in that it presents a more detailed picture of everyday life. Whereas the realist writer omits insignificant details when depicting a particular scene, a naturalist writer generally includes them. He wants the scene to be as â€Å"natural† as possible. The naturalist writer also attempts to be painstakingly objective and detached. Rather than manipulating characters as if they were puppets, the naturalist writer prefers to observe the characters as if they were animals in the wild and then report on their activity. Finally, naturalism attempts to present dialogue as spoken in everyday life. Rather than putting â€Å"unnatural† wording in the mouth of a character, the naturalist writer attempts to reproduce the speech patterns of people in a particular time and place. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Naturalist writers generally achieve only limited success in adhering to Tenet 4. The main problem is that it is next to impossible for a writer to remain objective and detached, like a scientist in a laboratory. After all, a scientist analyzes existing natural objects and phenomena. A naturalist writer, on the other hand, analyzes characters he created; they may be based on real people, but they themselves are not real. Thus, in bringing these characters to the stage or the printed page, the naturalist writer brings a part of himself—a subjective part. Also, in their use of literary devices—such as Strindberg’s use of symbols in Miss Julie to support his theme–naturalist writers again inject their subjective selves into the play. In real life, would Miss Julie own a dog that mates with a pug, symbolizing and foreshadowing her brief sexual encounter with Jean? Would she force her fiance to jump over a horsewhip that symbolizes her effort to dominate him?.

josephine baker essays

josephine baker essays While Jim Crow laws were reeking havoc on the lives of African Americans in the South, a massed exodus of Southern musicians, particularly from New Orleans, spread the seeds of Jazz as far north as New York City. A new genre of music produced fissures in the walls of racial discrimination thought to be impenetrable. Musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, King Oliver and Fletcher Henderson performed to the first desegregated audiences. Duke Ellington starred in the first primetime radio program to feature an African American artist. And a quirky little girl from Missouri conquered an entire country enthralled by her dark skin, curvaceous body and dynamic personality. Josephine Baker was more than a Jazz musician. She embodied the freedom and expressiveness of that which is known as Jazz. Born Josephine Freda McDonald on June 3, 1906, Josephine Baker was the product of a footloose merchant of whom the family saw little, and a mother [who] supported herself and the children in a slum hovel by taking in laundry. # Later, her mother had three children with another man, Arthur Martin: Richard, Margaret and Willie Mae. Ms. Baker was enrolled in a school in St. Louis until the age of six. When the family was experiencing financial difficulties, she was sent to perform domestic chores in the homes of white families. When only seven, she worked for a woman who frequently beat her, made her sleep in the cellar, and who, after Josephine accidentally broke some china, thrust her hands into scalding water. Neighbors, hearing her agonizing screams, called the police and she was taken to the hospital.# By the age of ten, she had worked as a kitchen helper, baby-sitter and maid. In early adolescence, Josephine Baker went to a vaudeville house at least once a week to watch the dancers and learn innovative dance steps. While still in elementary school, she began dancing part-tim...

Marketing channels & supply chain Management MBA (Masters Level) Essay

Marketing channels & supply chain Management MBA (Masters Level) - Essay Example The channel functions, concentration and dispersion, are related to the homogeneity and heterogeneity of supply, and the appropriate sorting process must be provided. Successive channel stages should be attempted to overcome any discrepancy between product assortment and market requirements (Christopher, 2005). Customer requirements of one or two units are at variance with supplier requirements of mass production. From a micro point of view, a firm's distribution decisions are designed to combine, supplement, or modify those of other firms, in order to form channels of distribution that the most effective. Since markets are dynamic, the opportunity for new combinations is continuously available. Channels are thus used by companies to overcome barriers. These barriers include the separation of time and space between producers and markets, the costs of moving goods, the communications barriers between producers and users of products, and the separation of demand (Christopher, 2005). From a macro point of view, channels change slowly. New distribution outlets tend to complement, rather than replace, existing ones. Supermarket chains, for example, do not eliminate the independent merchants; discount houses do not eliminate department stores; and integrated manufacturers do not eliminate wholesalers (Stroh, 2006). Rather, they enrich the alternative channels available, are modified in turn, and settled into a niche in the distribution structure. Since markets represent diverse wants and needs, the channels necessary to serve them will continue to be diverse. Customers and products are separated in time, space, and ownership. The conduct of human activities presupposes the availability of an appropriate assortment of goods and services. Channels of distribution bridge the separations and support our life style. In a broad sense, channels are composed of middlemen and facilitating agencies, wholesalers, retailers, financial institutions, and transportation agencies (Kotler and Armstrong 2008). Channels allow companies to add value to their products (Stroh, 2006). For instance, channels allow such companies as Ford and Toyota, McDonald's and Wendy restaurants to change their pricing decisions and promotion campaigns (Kotler and Armstrong 2008). A product can have various combinations of packages, brands, labels, tastes, and appearances; it can come in various shapes, colors, sizes, and materials, and be offered with numerous services and privileges. Channels help these companies promote products through various channels, to be sold at varying prices, discounts, and markups. These decisions integrate physical handling, transportation storing, sorting, and distribution of goods in a systematic and effective manner. The overall function of distribution channels is the concentration and dispersion of products in relation to market needs (Kotler and Armstrong 2008). Distribution channels concern the kinds and number of middlemen required to get products and services to the market. The challenge to management is to construct systematic links amongst institutions in order to achieve a coherent pipeline capable of moving goods and their title to markets. 2. Basically, the choice is one of direct or indirect distribution. In the latter case,

Discuss the extent to which foreign multinational enterprises have Research Paper

Discuss the extent to which foreign multinational enterprises have contributed to technological development in a specific indust - Research Paper Example 23-37), which have now become essential forces behind survival and success of a country internationally. Literature and course readings (Cantwell, 2001) have indicated that multinational enterprises are equipped with a number of tools through which it promotes innovation and development across nations, especially developing countries, such as trade, ventures, collaborative efforts, etc. Among these options, one major actor that plays a significant role is foreign direct investment that is also known as FDI (Balasubramanyam & Salisu, 1996, pp. 92-105). It has been an observation that for developing countries, FDI does not only bring business to the country but it also enables multinational enterprises to bring in their technologies, as well as assets from abroad that results in extraordinary outcomes for the country itself (Blomstrom & Kokko, 2003, n.p). This incoming of assets is one of the fundamental reasons that incline developing countries to give value to foreign direct investme nts in their regions. ... Particularly, economic development is not a simple notion, which has often been limited to economic progress of a country in terms of its GDP; however, analysis (Borensztein & Lee, 1995, pp. 115-124) has indicated that economic development revolves around economic, as well as social advancement of a country that often does not allow quantitative analysis. Thus, experts usually overlook aspects, such as social justice, political freedom, etc that directly or indirectly results in enhancement of standard of lifestyles of country’s population. One can understand this relationship of FDI with economic development of a country by considering evidence (Borensztein & Lee, 1995, pp. 117-131) that shows that countries with higher rate of economic growth are more likely to develop rapidly in the sectors of education and health resulting in progression in the political system, and subsequently, allocation of wealth and rights. In this regard, while one cannot quantify the relationship of economic growth and social development, it is evident that economic growth creates a positive environment for social progress, and this relationship analysis gives an idea of the role of multinational enterprises through their foreign direct investment in economic development that is holistic development of a country. Discussion In order to exemplify understanding of the above relationship, this section of the paper will include efforts of the research to analyse the role of multinational enterprises that they have been playing by contributing towards technological development in industrial sector of India. Although globalisation (Barnes & Kaplinsky, 2000, n.p) has resulted in an overflow of knowledge and information, developing countries, such as South Africa, India, etc are now depending

The BISM Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The BISM Case - Essay Example A: The research clearly points out to the needs and attitude of modern day office staff – they want to work in a team environment and at the same time they want a bit of privacy for increased concentration on the job. The essential change in hierarchical to cross-departmental process thinking lies in two important factors namely, a) work execution at lowest possible levels and b) informality in cross-departmental consultations without going through bureaucratic procedures – these indicate productivity at the individual level and teamwork at company-wide, rather than departmental level. These two factors impact the way a modern office and its furniture/equipment are designed. For companies like Knoll, this change in an office environment means a very significant change in the way its products are designed and marketed. Failing to realize such changing demands would mean losing market to better-designed products. A: The five productivity factors revealed in the research work, point to the need for self-contained workstations that offer personalized space, the flexibility of movement and at the same time, a sense of participation in a team atmosphere. Work itself is to be executed with the state-of-the-art computer technology. Furniture and workstation are to be integral to each other. While designing the workstation, care will be taken to understand the space needed for the specific electronic equipment like telephones, computers and peripheral items like printers and stationery items. Equally important will be the free tablespace that is required for off-computer work, using traditional paper and pen/pencil. In other words, the integrity of design with work requirements will be of prime importance. Work requirement may change from time to time and this may involve regrouping of staff to execute a specific project.

Internet regulation vs Free

Internet regulation vs Freedom of Speech Essay MGM v. Grokster case determines the file sharing software. Grokster is a software development company that makes peer-to-peer file sharing software making it possible for all users to share files. However, one possibility with the usage of this software is that some users start sharing copyrighted files. Most commonly copyrighted music mp3 files are shared. In this case court determined that whether making of such software can be regulated. Proponents argue that file sharing is very popular and important technology implemented today in several companies for important business tasks. It is also commonly used by individuals for normal sharing of files for important reason. Only for just one reason it is not possible to shut down the whole business. This is just beginning of the exploration of current use of technology which may expand later. Court determined that whether Grokster should be liable for this file sharing that involves copyrighted material. The pro of this case is that today as we’re bound with each other via world wide networking, it has changed the way of our living. Regulating things going on Internet has recently affected our legislations. With internet networking we can easily connect together and communicate. However, recently several cases have emerged and made it more complex to handle people communicating on the internet. There is another law case that is very hot these days, a Yahoo case. Yahoo has been disgraced in France and now fighting with Chinese government on several issues of free speech. All legal aspects of internet regulation include several security measures and protection from threats. In addition, the way of communication on the Internet has made it much easier for anyone to pass any remarks to any person far away from the location. Speech and communication on the internet has to be regulated in order to protect people from any kind of abuse. According to the Judge decision of freedom of speech that the Yahoo had the right in favor it. The con of this case is that though, we know that all humans have rights. Freedom of speech is one of the rights an individual have by birth, but this right has a limitation as well. The limitation is decided by the exposure of the speech on makes in his social environment. Freedom of speech is a right until this freedom doesn’t hurdle the other’s same right. And if this come to happen the ‘right’ of one rests no more with him. Many firms and legislations are now restricting making use of language and topics on the communication board and email. For example, many big firms like Mircrosoft do not allow specific topics to be discussed on their forums. In China a journalist was imprisoned because of the fact that he forwarded an email that contained an inappropriate language terms. Many U. S. firms are now help resolving issues in China regarding communication. Different law now governs freedom of speech on the Internet. Whatever the case it must now be the matter of great concern to regulate everything that is going on Internet. Similarly, USA and other countries several such cases were detected. Many groups, forums and companies do not allow free talk on politics and religion in order to avoid hot debates involved on these topics. In the present circumstances, especially whereby the social environment has become digital, it’s become very crucial to maintain an equilibrium so that each one can enjoy his right of freedom of speech in the most effective way. The most prominent platform for present digital social environment is ‘internet’ which has not only reduced the distances among the continents, but has also opened the opportunities for individuals to have their say on broader channels. This outgrowth in the outreach of common man’s voice has lead him to be confident on one hand and made others to suffer from the un censored voice. Law gives the right to speech, freedom of thought, freedom of choice, freedom of choosing a religion and changing beliefs. Though we have right for freedom of expression but this does not determine that we can use abusive language, make false statements, and defame others. References Internet Regulation law. Retrieved from http://bubl. ac. uk/LINK/i/internetregulation-law. htm Kirby, Carrie (2005). Chinese Internet vs. free speech Hard choices for U. S. tech giants Retrieved from http://www. sfgate. com/cgi-bin/article. cgi? file=/c/a/2005/09/18/MNGDUEPNLA1. DTLtype=tech Supreme Court Hears Two Cases Critical For Future Of Online Free Speech. Retrieved from http://www. aclu. org/scotus/2004/13918prs20050329. html

The Link Between Drugs And Crime Criminology Essay

The Link Between Drugs And Crime Criminology Essay It is a crime to use, possess, manufacture, or distribute drugs classified as having a potential for abuse (such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, amphetamines, alcohol and many more). Drugs are also related to crime through the effects they have on the users behavior and by generating violence and other illegal activity in connection with drugs trafficking. This research paper will discuss some main causes and effects of using drugs, also look at the statistical data and theoretical model of drug use. Drug addiction can be found in many forms. Drug addiction causes people to use drugs more and more. It also changes the passageways inside of the brain and causes physical damages to the nerve cells. There are also other factors that can lead to drug addiction. One of the factors is genetic. If parents in any family are addicted to drugs then the possibility for children to be addicted to drugs are more because it passes from one generation to next, also children look at their parents and can adapt their habit of using drugs. This is the reason that addiction problem can be found in certain families than the others. One other factor is personality that makes people to rely on drugs. Sometimes, curiosity makes people to try a drug, or if someone is diagnosed with depression, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, stress, anxiety or aggression, this can also lead to drug addiction. Children with low confidence and healthy self-esteem have a possible chance of using drugs to overcom e their problems. (Wicker, 2010). One other factor is peer pressure. Kids especially from high school are the most popular group who are more into drug problem because they think that if they will use drugs that will make them very cool and brave person in the eye of other kids and by taking drugs, they can be accepted as a part of the group. Most of the time, People who have a drug addiction problem try to sell drugs to kids because kids can be easily adaptive to drugs. Nowadays, it is very easy to get an access to drugs. Drugs can be found anywhere. For example, neighborhood, schools, shopping malls, offices, factories, etc. Drugs can also be used as a substitution to pain because it numbs the pain for a limited period of time and can give people a relax feeling physically and emotionally. Life is getting tougher day by day. It includes lots of struggle and too much depression especially past life experiences that are very hard to cope with. Most of the time people think that by taking drugs they can be able to for get all their past life experiences and can have a better sense of emotion coping with life problems. Over all, people who use drugs more often become dependent of drugs by the time. (Wicker, 2010). The effects of drug addiction are huge. It not only changes the persons brain chemistry but also behavior over a period of time. It shows very harmful effects on persons health physically and mentally which can lead to criminal activity. Other effect of drug addiction is on family. People with an addiction problem usually involve in lots of different illegal activities that family members and society might not accept it and those activities create problem for the members of family to be accepted in a respectable society. So, family can either assure safety, provide support for their drug addict member that can help that person to stay away from drugs or they can involve in his activities and be a part of it. Drug addiction problem has a vast effect on the law too. Every day, news channels present different types of stories related to drug addiction crimes. For example, murder, car theft, property theft, burglary, selling illegal drugs, shooting, etc. (Wicker, 2010). The National Library of Medicine estimated 20% of all people in the United States have used prescription medication for non-medical purposes (Wicker, 2010). The misuse of prescription and illegal drugs can change the persons behavior by which a person can be easily dragged toward more criminal activities. The major effect of drug addiction is on American economy. The National Institute on Drug Abuse spent almost $67 billion per year for drug addiction programs which includes the total cost of law enforcement, imprisonment, treatments, and other programs. The impact of drug addiction on crime rate is huge and is increasing day by day. (Wicker, 2010). In 1994, Office of National Drug Control Policy examined that in the United States drug use and criminal activities are somehow correlated to each other, and continuous use of drugs and sale not only destroying the members of society but it is also giving rise to more violent criminal activities. In 2000, a survey was sponsored by the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) was conducted on the 8, 10, and 12 graders of high schools and they reported that 54% of senior graders use drugs once in their lives. (Carpino, 2000). According to Carpino: In examining the State and Federal prison inmates who reported being under the influence of drugs at the time of their offense, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997) reports the following. 24.5% of Federal and 29% of State prison inmates reported being under the influence of drugs when committing violent offenses. 10.8% of Federal and 36.6% of State inmates reported being under the drugs while committing property offenses. 25% of Federal and 41.9% of inmates reported being under the influence of drugs when committing drug offenses. 24.4% of Federal and 22.4% of State prison inmates reported being under the influence of drugs when committing weapon offenses. In 2009, there were 13,687,241 total arrests in the United States. In which, drug arrests was 1,663,582, total marijuana arrests, 858,408, total marijuana sale arrests was 99,815, total marijuana possession arrests was 758,593, total violent crime arrests was 581,765 and total property arrests was 1,728,285. (Borden, 2008). There are three theoretical models proposed by Goldstein that helps in determining drug related crime in the United States, and they also describes the relationship between drugs and crime. The first model he proposed was psychopharmacological model which suggests that people usually involve in criminal activity when they are intoxicated by drugs. Drugs has an impact on nervous system by which people lose their self-control, their ability of thinking right or wrong which lead them to commit crimes. Every drug has its impact on nervous system but some drugs have strong impact, and associated with violent types of crime. Those drugs are PCP (phencyclidine), cocaine, methamphetamines, barbiturates, and alcohol. In 1998, 218 homicides were committed in New York, and 14% of all killings were associated with psychopharmacological factor which means drugs were involved in all those crimes. (Casavant Collin, 2001). The second model that Goldstein proposed was economic-compulsive model which proposes that people usually involve in criminal activity in order to get money to buy drugs. People who cannot live without drugs often commit crimes to get money because drugs these days are very expensive and not everyone can afford them. The crimes that are related to economic compulsive model are theft, prostitution, fraud, drug trafficking etc. The third model proposed by Goldstein was systemic model. This model suggests that criminal activity among drug dealers rise from drug market. According to systemic model, the main reason of violence between drug dealers, merchant, or different types of organizations is the power to control over territories, neighborhood, streets, and school. In this model, crime is as organizational management strategy. In 1980s, 74% of homicides in New York were related to systemic model. (Casavant Collin, 2001). In United States, crime rate is increasing day by day. Government is spending millions of dollars to control over drugs and its related crime by increasing police man power, establishing organizations that are teaching the side effects of taking drugs and what type of crime a person can commit. Drug addiction causes and its effects are very obvious. The three theoretical models presented by Goldstein supports that there is a connection between drugs and crime. Statistics from different government organizations also supports the crime rate due to drugs. Not all the crimes are related to drugs but by looking at all these facts conclusion can be made that there is a link between drugs and crime.

Flann OBrien, Dickens and Joyce: Form, Identity and Colonial Influence

Flann O'Brien, Dickens and Joyce: Form, Identity and Colonial Influences All quotations from The Third Policeman are taken from the 1993 Flamingo Modern Classic edition. In this essay I intend to examine Flann O'Brien's The Third Policeman in the context of the time of its writing, 1940, its relation to certain English novelistic traditions and also the broader Irish literary tradition in which it belongs. Seamus Deane refers to Ireland as a "Strange Country" and indeed O'Brien's own narrator recalls the words of his father: " . . . he would mention Parnell with the customers and say that Ireland was a queer country." (7) Such a concurrence indicates to a degree the peculiar nature of the Irish situation with regard to theoretical post-colonial models. There is a temptation to see all Irish work since the revival in terms of decolonization. Cahalan, in The Irish Novel, traces the tendency of Irish writers such as Swift, Edgeworth and Maturin to employ fantastic elements and non-realism in direct opposition to English colonial models and in affirmation of certain Irish traditions. Mercier, in The Irish Comic Tradition, points also to the presence of exaggeration, absurdity and scatological detail in Gaelic heroic cycles and poetry. In Flann O'Brien, Bakhtin, and Menippean Satire, M. Keith Booker begins by saying; "It has now become commonplace to think of Flann O'Brien along with James Joyce and Samuel Beckett as the three great Irish fiction writers...

Fire Rescue Department In Malaysia Engineering Essay

In Malaysia, Fire Rescue Department or popularly known as Bomba is the fire and deliverance services bureau. The fire safety criterions must be implemented by following the ordinances in the Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984, National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) Codes and Standards and Fire Services Act 1988.2.1.1 Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984 is a published papers, which is used as a needed safety criterion and besides is emphasized by the authorities. The Standing Committee recommended that life safety of the edifice residents must be considered first and it is to be achieved by giving the minimal demand sing to the assorted facets. The assorted facets refer to issue for the residents, spread of fire within the edifice or from one edifice to another one edifice and agencies of sensing and extinction of fires. In UBBL 1984, 80 per centum emphasized on life safety demand and 20 per centum are staying on the belongings protection of a edifice ( Goh, 2009 ) . Besides, the basic demands of the UBBL are equal fire protection stuffs and building system to do certain the safety of the life and belongings in the edifice during the fire. Furthermore, UBBL 1984 besides stated some fire demands sing the building design in order to minimise and diminish the hazard of fire. Automatic fire sprinkler system is mentioned in Uniform Building By-Law 1984 at Part VIII ( Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access ) .2.1.2 National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA )National Fire Protection Association is an international non-profit organisation which is authorized on fire, electrical and edifice safety. The NFPA was established in 1896 and it serves as the universe ‘s prima advocator in fire bar and is an important beginning for information on fire safety ( Tharmarajan, 2007 ) . Besides that, NFPA develops, publishes, and disseminates about 300 consensus codifications and criterions which intended to minimise the effects of fire and other hazard. Actually for every edifice, procedure, service, design, and installing in society today is already affected by NFPA paperss ( National Fire Protection Association, 2009 ) . Automatic fire sprinkler is mentioned in NFPA 13 ( Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems ) , NFPA 25 ( Standard for the Inspection, Testing, Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection System )2.1.3 Fire Services Act 1988The Fire Services Act 1988 is implemented to do necessary proviso for the effectual and efficient operation of the fire Services Department. In add-on, this act is besides for the protection of individual and belongings from fire hazards and other intents connected therewith. This Act most likely explains the responsibilities of the Fire service Department, which consists of implementing fire bar, fire safety review and fire jeopardy suspension, probe and prosecution ( Tharmarajan, 2007 ) .2.2 Types of fire sprinkler systemsFire sprinkler systems are the most of import and successful of the fire contending systems. There are five chief types of fire sprinkler system which are wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, re-cycling and surrogate moistures and dry pipe. The three extra types of fire sprinkler system which are tail-end surrogate, tail-end dry pipe and flood. These three systems may be combined with wet pipe and/or surrogate moisture and dry pipe sprinkler system to organize extensions. The type of sprinkler systems to be selected for the edifice will be depended on type of edifice and type of stuffs to be protected ( Hassan, 1996 ) . For illustration, a storage installation that shops extremely flammable liquids will necessitate a different sprinkler system from a shopping Centre.2.2.1 Wet pipe systemWet pipe systems are the most common fire sprinkler system that have been utilizing in the edifice. This sprinkler system is suited used in het edifices where temperatures remain above 0 and there is no hazard of the H2O in the sprinkler system stop deading ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Water is invariably maintained within the distribution piping. When a fire produced the heat, it will do the nearest sprinkler caputs to open at their operating t emperature. Water will instantly dispatch onto the fire, at the same clip the flow of H2O activates a hydraulicly operated dismay bell outside the edifice and agreements can besides be made to alarm the local Fire Brigade ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Figure 2.1 shows a typical moisture sprinkler system where the H2O supply is taken straight from the H2O chief. Figure 2.2 shows how the pipe connected the dismay valve to an dismay tam-tam and turbine. The entire figure of sprinklers that connected to an installing will be different for light jeopardy, ordinary jeopardy and high jeopardy and, depending on the fortunes. Besides that, the figure of sprinklers system fitted to each installing will change over the scope of 500 to 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) . When fire sprinkler systems installed in a high rise edifice, the difference in tallness between the lowest and the highest sprinkler in an installing must non be greater than 45 metres ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Distribution pipes are to be connected independently to the chief rise pipe at the floor being served and no subdivision shall widen to more than one floor, mean that each subdivision being served by a separate chief rise pipe. Figure 2.1 Figure 2.22.2.1.1 Advantages of moisture pipe sprinkler systemSimplicity and dependability systemWet pipe sprinkler systems have the fewest figure of constituents and necessitate less installing clip comparison to other systems. Due to the system ‘s simpleness, the system care may non be performed as the coveted frequence. The dependability of moisture pipe sprinkler system is of import since sprinklers may be used to standby for many old ages before they are needed ( API Group, 2003 ) .Fiscal salvagingThe installing and care disbursal for wet pipe sprinkler system are comparative low ( API Group, 2003 ) . It is because moisture pipe sprinkler systems require least sum of installing clip and besides less service clip is required.Ease of alterationThe plants to modify the moisture pipe sprinkler system include closing down the H2O supply, run outing pipes and doing changes. After so, the undermentioned work is to coerce prove the system and reconstruct it. Additional work for sensing and particular control equipment is evitable which may salvage the clip and cost ( API Group, 2003 ) .Shorter clip to mend after fireWet pipe sprinkler systems require the least sum of attempt and clip to reconstruct after a fire ( API Group, 2003 ) . In most cases, fire sprinkler is reinstated by replacing the amalgamate sprinklers and turning the H2O supply back on. For other types of sprinkler systems, it may necessitate extra attempt to reset control equipment.2.2.1.2 Disadvantages of moisture pipe sprinkler systemThe disadvantages of moisture pipe sprinkler system are that it can non be installed in an country where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. It is because the H2O inside the distribution pipe will go solid if exposed to stop deading temperatures.2.2.2 Dry pipe systemThis system may merely be used in the conditions that it is impossible to utilize a moisture pipe system, or jump moistures and dry type system. Dry pipe sprinkler systems are installed in countries where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. For illustration, dry pipe sprinkler systems will be installed at unwarmed edifices and parking garages. The system between dry pipe system and wet pipe system are different. The difference is that, wet pipe sprinkler systems contain H2O but dry pipe sprinkler systems contain tight air. The tight air is supplied by an electric air compressor, N bottles, or other beginning. In add-on, the air force per unit area inside the pipes that is about one-third to one-half times greater than the maximal H2O force per unit area. Dry pipe sprinkler systems have a valve applauder and dismay port. The map of dry pipe valve applauder is to divide between air force per unit area and H2O force per unit area at the valve interface. When a fire starts, fire release the heat causes a sprinkler caput to open and the tight air would be released. Once this happened, H2O will come in the pipe and fluxing through unfastened sprinkler onto the fire. Due to this system is apt to endure frost harm, it is of import that the pipe work should be self-draining and sprinkler caputs must be fitted above the scope pipes. The figure of sprinkler fitted to each installing shall be within the scope 125 to 500, and depends on whether or non an gas pedal has been fitted to the system ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Figure 2.3 shows how sprinkler caputs fitted above the scope pipe. Figure 2.3 ( Beginnings from Hassan, 1996 )2.2.2.1 Advantages of dry pipe sprinkler systemSuitable for stop deading temperaturesDry pipe sprinkler systems are suited to be installed in countries where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. For illustration, dry pipe installings include unwarmed edifices and parking garages.Suitable for H2O sensitive countriesThe advantage of dry pipe sprinkler systems is that it is suited to be used to protect aggregations and other H2O sensitive countries while the moisture pipe system does non. While a physical harm on the moisture pipe sprinkler systems will do the pipes leaking, dry pipe sprinkler system will non. It will take 1 minute to let go of the air inside the pipes before H2O flowing.2.2.2.2 Disadvantages of dry pipe sprinkler systemIncreased complexnessHarmonizing to API Group, dry pipe sprinkler systems require extra control equipment and air force per unit area supply constituents which will increase complexness o f the systems. If proper care is non followed for this sprinkler system, the system would be less dependable.Higher installing and care costThe installing cost for dry pipe sprinkler system will be higher since the complexness degree is higher and installing clip is longer comparison to wet pipe system. Besides that, the care cost will besides be higher due to labor accomplishment is required to keep this complex sprinkler systems.Lower design flexiblenessThere are rigorous demands sing the upper limit permitted size of single dry pipe systems ( API Group, 2003 ) . These restrictions may impact the ability of an proprietor to do system add-ons.Increased fire response clipThe entire clip taken from sprinkler caput opens until H2O is discharged onto the fire is up to 60 seconds ( API Group, 2003 ) . The fire snuff outing actions will be delay for 60 seconds and caused the fire harm to the edifice addition.Increased corrosion potencyDry pipe sprinkler systems must be wholly drained and dried. If there is H2O staying inside the pipe, it will do corrosion and premature failure. This sort of job will non go on on moisture pipe system because the H2O is invariably maintained in piping.2.2.3 Pre-action systemPre-action sprinkler systems are installed in H2O sensitive environments such as computing machine suites, library and paper records office. When in an existent fire status, these systems will run to salvage the edifice and its constituents from fire harm. It will give earliest warning if detected of burning in the protected countries and which will originate from the action of a fume sensor. This will gives adequate clip for the eruption to be dealt with satisfactorily by utilizing portable asphyxiators. The pre-action system is similar to a dry pipe system and flood system. The difference between pre-action system and dry pipe system is that the air force per unit area may or may non be used for pre-action system. The difference between pre-action system and flood system is that the valve is electronically held closed and standard â€Å" closed † are used for pre-action system. Two separate events must be presented to originate sprinkler discharge onto the fire. First, the sensing system identifies a underdeveloped fire and so automatically sprinkler system would open the pre-action valve. When the pre-action valve is opened, it allows H2O to flux into system shrieking. Second, each of the sprinkler caputs will verify whether there is fire so merely permit H2O flow onto the fire. This system must be self-draining. For pre-action sprinkler system installing, the maximal Numberss of sprinklers that may be fitted to an installing for light jeopardy is about 500, ordinary jeopardy and high jeopardy is about 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.3.1 Advantages of pre-action sprinkler systemThe double action required H2O releaseThe double action here means that the pre-action valve must run and sprinkler caput must blend so merely H2O release ( API Group, 2003 ) . This characteristic provides dual degree of protection against accidental discharge. With this ground, pre-action sprinkler systems are often installed in H2O sensitive countries such as book libraries, computing machine centres and etc.2.2.3.2 Disadvantages of pre-action sprinkler systemHigher installing and care costPre-action sprinkler systems are more complex with several extra constituents, such as fire sensing system. Thus the installing and care cost will go higher due to the add-ons system required.Alteratio n troublesPre-action sprinkler systems have specific size restrictions which may impact hereafter system alterations ( API Group, 2003 ) . Besides that, system alterations must integrate alterations to the fire sensing and control system to guarantee proper operation.Potential decreased dependabilityThe higher degree of complexness with pre-action sprinkler systems the higher possibility that something may non work when needed. Regular care is needed to guarantee dependability.2.2.4 Alternate moisture and dry pipe systemThis system is used for those developments in which the H2O in the pipes may stop dead when alteration in the clime and where the encompassing temperature does non transcend 70. For illustration, the system is operated ‘dry ‘ in winter and ‘wet ‘ in the summer. The system inside the pipes will be alterations by following the clime, when it is dry pipe system so the pipes contain tight air, and when it is alterations to wet pipe system so the pipes are filled with H2O. In some instances, this system may necessitate a duplicate of the automatic dismay valves, which may be connected in analogue. The benefit of the automatic dismay valves is to installations an easy conversion at the bend of the season. Besides that, the system must be self-draining and the figure of sprinkler fitted to each installing shall be within the scope 125 to 500 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.5 Recycling systemThe usage of this system is by and large restricted to state of affairs where it is necessary: To restrict H2O harm after a inferno ; To forestall accidental H2O harm caused by any accident mechanical intervention with the pipe work or sprinklers ; and To be able to transport out work on the installing while guaranting that the system remains in a province of preparedness at all times. When pre-action valve bend to open mean than the operation of any heat sensor activates the dismay driven tam-tam and primes the pipe work ready for the at hand gap of one or more sprinklers. If the fire was put out by portable asphyxiators instantly, the heat sensors automatically reset to the normal monitoring place. This has the consequence of originating a hydraulic force per unit area equalisation procedure which may typically take 5 proceedingss to finish. After this has occurred, the pre-action valve will be from opened and turn to closed. If the fire begins to rekindle, the heat sensors will be reactivated and do the pre-action valve once more be opened. After so H2O will be directed discharge to the beginning of the fire. Others installings use electrical clocking units and the usage of electrically meshing circuitry is installed to guarantee that the system will non run entirely because of falling air force per unit area in the pipe work. With this system, any inadvertent harm to either the pipe work, or the sprinkler caputs will non do the chief valve to open. The disadvantage is when secret agents working on such an installing must take attention that they isolate that portion of the system on which they are working from the potentially active chief system. The system must be self-draining and the figure of sprinklers fitted to such an installing must non transcend 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.6 Deluge systemDeluge sprinkler systems are installed in high jeopardy operations, such as power bring forthing station, chemical storage, weaponries workss, and the countries which store points such as flammable liquids. These sprinkler systems will work together with independent fire sensing systems and disch arge H2O instantly to the protected country during a fire. The flood sprinkler system is similar to a pre-action system. The difference between flood sprinkler system and pre-action system is that the flood sprinkler caputs are unfastened and the pipe is non pressurized with air. Deluge systems are connected to a H2O supply through a flood valve that is opened when fume or heat sensing system is activated. The sensing system is installed in the same country as the sprinklers. When the sensing system is activated, H2O will dispatch through all of the sprinkler caputs onto the fire. Water is non equal to command or extinguishment fire in countries where flammable liquids are manufactured or stored. Water is require to blend with the froth dressed ore and do the dressed ore to spread out when released through the sprinkler caput, it may striping the fire beginning of O required to back up burning of flammable stuffs ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.7 Tail-end surrogate pipe and tail-end dry pipe systemsThese systems may be regarded as an ‘add-on ‘ system to a standard sprinkler installing and they are intended to cover with relatively little countries. In a het edifices will served by a conventional moisture pipe system, it is possible that a little portion of the edifice is either unwarmed or is overheated temperatures. In order to cover with this, it is allowable to fall in a tail-end surrogate system onto the chief moisture pipe system. The figure of sprinklers on any tail-end extension must non transcend 100. If it is more than two tail-end extensions are services by one valve set, the entire figure of sprinklers in the tail-end extension must non transcend 250 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.3 Benefit of fire sprinkler systemAutomatic fire sprinkler systems have been used to protect industrial and commercial belongingss for more than 100 old ages. Nowadays, fire sprinklers are non merely installed in commercial and industrial edifices but besides installed in residential edifices, office edifices, schools and hotels. Fire sprinkler systems are become common and popular that is because it is provide many benefits to us.2.3.1 Reduce human deathsIt is hard to gauge how much safer fire sprinklers could supply in the event of fire. Based on grounds from research lab surveies and limited field experience in the United States, the surveies prove that fire sprinklers could salvage an extra 7.7 lives per million houses per twelvemonth . In add-on, the grounds besides proves that fire sprinklers could cut down the hazard of firefighter decease and hurt during put out a fire. It is estimated if all the edifices were installed with fire sprinklers, approximately 0.1 fireman lives could be saved per million houses per twelvemonth. Thus, the survey concludes that fire sprinkler could salvage an extra 7.8 lives per million houses per twelvemonth ( Rousseau, 1989 ) .2.3.2 Reduce hurtsBased on the United Stated research, the survey proves that if installing of fire sprinkler in edifices could forestall about 87 people hurts per million houses each twelvemonth. The sum of firefighting hurts could besides be reduced through increased installing of sprinklers by every bit many as 30 firefighting hurts per million houses per twelvemonth. Based on American Studies, the cost to remedial per hurt to a civilian or fireman is $ 30,000 ( Rousseau, 1989 ) . These costs are included to pay medical measures and allowance for hurting and agony.2.3.3 Reduce Insurance PremiumsResidential fire sprinkler systems are going more prevailing with each go throughing twelvemonth. If the edifice installed with fire sprinkler systems, it will do the extra 1 to 2 % addition in the concluding cost of the house ( Snyder, 2008 ) . Besides that, municipalities must account for the addition in residential system and guarantee that they are being maintained in conformity with current National Fire Protection Association criterions. After installed fire sprinkler systems, they will really salvage money because they can cut down place insurance rates by 5 to 15 per centum ( Snyder, 2008 ) . These values are expected to be increase in the hereafter. In the event that there is a fire, they will besides salvage money in possible amendss.2.3.4 Increase value of the edificeA edifice constructed with fire sprinkler system has more value than a edifice without a fire sprinkler system. It is because a edifice with a fire sprinkler system provides extra fire safety for the edifice and therefore, the edifice worth more and the proprietor could derive more net income when selling the edifice.2.3.5 Reduce belongings harm costHarmonizing to records for decennaries on belongings harm, the proprietor save about 90 % on belongings harm costs with fire sprinkler systems than those without fire sprinkler systems when a fire is happened. This is clear that a fire sprinkler system will pay for itself many times over. Harmonizing to Daniel Snyder article, the mean cost of amendss in places with fire sprinkler systems was about $ 2,000 and the mean cost of amendss in places without sprinkler systems was about $ 45,000.2.3.6 More clip to get awayFire sprinkler systems provide an extra grade of protection for both life and belongings above fume and other fire sensing systems. Sprinkler systems evidently help people by giving more clip for them to get away when a fire is go oning, so they help to salvage lives. A right designed and installed sprinkler system can observe and command a fire at an early phase of fire development and activate an dismay. So with the right operation of the sprinkler system will quickly cut down the production rate of heat and fume, therefore leting more clip for the residents to get away safety or be rescued.2.3.7 Increase issue entree travel distance capacityAn addition in exit entree travel distances is a major distinguishable advantage for edifices with sprinkler system over edifices without sprinkler system. The issue entree travel distance mean the distance from any occupied part of a edifice to an issue. For illustration, the issue is such as enclosed staircase. Depending on the tenancy of the edifice, anyplace from an extra 50 to 100 pess of issue entree travel distance can be gained when the edifice is installed with fire sprinkler system ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . Table 2.1 show the maximal travel distance between constructing with sprinkler and without sprinkler for different types of edifices. SEVENTH SCHEDULE MAXIMUM TRAVEL DISTANCES ( By-law 165 ( 4 ) , 166 ( 2 ) , 167 ( 1 ) , 170 ( B ) ) Purpose Group Limit when alternate issues are available ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Dead-end bound ( meter ) Un- sprinklered SprinkleredSmall ResidentialInstitutionalHospitals, Nursing Homes etc, School Open Plan Flexible PlanOther ResidentialHotels Flatss DormitoriesOfficeShopsFactoryGeneral and Special Purpose High Hazard Open constructionTopographic points of AssemblyStorage and GeneralLow an Ordinary jeopardy High Hazard Parking Garages Aircraft Hangars ( Ground Floor ) Aircraft airdocks ( Mezzanine Floor ) NR 9 6 NR NR 10 10 0 15 15 15 0 NR NR NR NR 15 NR NR NR 30 45 30 45 30 30 30 45 30 30 22 NR 45 NR 22.5 30 30 22.5 NR 45 60 45 60 45 45 45 60 45 45 22.5 NR 61 NR 30 45 45 22.5 Table 2.1 ( Beginnings from Uniform Building By-Law 1984 )2.3.8 Increase Egress capacityFor the tenancies edifices which are installed with fire sprinkler systems, except high-hazard and infirmary, the agencies of egress constituents can be increased 50 % for the stairway breadth and 33 % for all other egress constituents such as corridors, doors, inclines ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . For illustration, a 44 inch of issue stairway concept in a edifice which is without fire sprinkler systems merely can function 146 individuals, but a same 44 inch of issue stairway concept in a edifice which is installed with fire sprinkler system can function 220 individuals. Besides that, 44 inch corridor concept with fire sprinkler system can function 293 individuals, without fire sprinkler system can function 220 individuals.2.3.9 Reduce building costAs antecedently reference, if the new edifice installed with fire sprinkler systems, it will do the extra 1 to 2 % addition in the concluding cost of the house. They are non merely can cut low the insurance premiums but besides cut down in building cost. This is because most edifice codifications provide big building leeway for sprinkler edifices. For illustration, fewer emersions are required and larger floor countries are allowed for the edifice with sprinkler systems installed. This executable design will assist proprietors and re sidents to cut down the building cost and stuff cost. Further more information about the advantages of fire sprinkler system relate to benefits of building cost economy will be explain as below:2.3.9.1 Decrease in shaft enclosuresFor edifice are non greater than 420 pess in tallness, the fire evaluation of perpendicular shaft such as HVAC, electrical, plumbing, trash/linen chutes, except issue enclosures and lift hoist manner enclosures, is permitted to be reduced to one hr where automatic sprinklers are installed within the shaft at the top and at alternate floor degrees ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . This can be a large cost economy in high-rise edifice building.2.3.9.2 Elimination of the entree anteroom for smokeproof issue stairway enclosuresFor tower block edifice, the issue staircases off the floors located more than 75 pess above the lowest degree of fire section vehicle entree are required to be smokeproof issue enclosures ( IBC 1020.1.7 ) . The entree are to the s tairway in a smokeproof issue enclosure is required to be form an unfastened outside balcony ( IBC subdivision 909.20.3 ) or a ventilated anteroom ( IBC Section 909.20.4 ) , with a breadth of non less than 72 inches ( IBC Section 909.20.1 ) . If the high rise edifice is installed with fire sprinkler systems, under IBC subdivision 909.20.5 is allow to extinguish the unfastened outside balcony and /or the ventilated anteroom demands. This alternate saves valuable infinite on each floor of the edifice and it can be converted into rental or marketable infinite for the edifice proprietor. This can be a large cost economy in high-rise edifice building and besides derive excess net income for edifice proprietor.2.4 Problem of fire sprinkler systemFire sprinkler systems can be used to salvage lives, belongings and others benefit, whether they used in industrial edifices, offices, or place. But automatic fire sprinkler systems besides present some alone proficient jobs. Fortunately, such jobs can be avoided by cognizing the most common grounds for fire sprinkler failure. From the National Fire Sprinkler Association study, the most common grounds for fire sprinkler failure that are error sprinkler activate, overheating, stop deadin g, mechanical harm, corrosion, or leaking.2.4.1 Problem sing elements of fire sprinkler2.4.1.1 CorrosionCorrosion or rust can weaken pipes and sprinkler caputs. The terrible corrosion jobs have been normally attributed to microbiologically influenced corrosion and known as MIC. This can ensue a sudden and unwelcome activation when a sprinkler pipe or caput fails. The National Fire Protection Association states that edifice proprietors are responsible for replacing sprinkler constituents that are corroded or rusted. Corrosion of fire sprinkler piping can take to potentially risky system malfunction, every bit good as dearly-won H2O harm and fix costs. Unfortunately, reviews for MIC and corrosion are frequently overlooked until the jobs become serious, such as damaging leaks occur or the corrosion extend to a big countries of the full fire sprinkler system have to be replaced. This disciplinary care attack is a retro-active scheme. The undertaking of the care squad in this scenario is normally to consequence fixs every bit shortly as possible. Cost associated with disciplinary care include fix, lost production and lost gross revenues. Repair costs are included replacing constituents, labor, and consumables.Solution to corrosion of fire sprinklerA new proactive attack to fire sprinkler care is available utilizing wholly non-invasive, supersonic engineerings that from the BASIC of a prognostic care attack ( Jeffrey, 2005 ) . This attack provides a cost-efficient agencies of observing the presence and supervising patterned advance of corrosion and making a digital record of the system province that can be used to schedule replacing of localised subdivisions of the system before leaks or operation failure occur.2.4.1.2 Mechanical harmFire sprinkler systems depend on the unity of all their parts. If a sprinkler caput is hit or a pipe damaged, the parts can divi de and the system can non be activate when fire is present. A common job with sprinkler caputs is harm from nearby building of forklifts that are raised excessively high, by chance strike harding off sprinkler caputs. Besides that, put ining automatic sprinklers can besides ensue in harm to the system if improper tools or techniques are used ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) .Solution to mechanical harmFire sprinkler system must ever be inspected after the plants have been completed by contractor or sprinkler provider. Homeowner must guarantee all elements of the sprinklers in proper mode and without harm.2.4.2 Problem sing installing of fire sprinkler2.4.2.1 FreezingThere are two major sorts of fire sprinkler systems which are wet pipe and dry pipe sprinkler systems. Normally wet pipe sprinkler systems are most common used to put in in the edifices. For this sprinkler system, H2O is invariably maintained within the distribution piping. The advantage to this system is that it responds r apidly to a fire and less expensive than other sprinkler systems. The disadvantage to this system is than the H2O in the system could stop dead if installed to stop deading temperatures. The job that is some rawness builder installs this type of sprinkler system exposed to stop deading temperatures and causes the pipes freezing, the H2O inside can turn to frost and spread out. The enlargement can interrupt pipes and adjustments, doing leaks and loss of H2O force per unit area. The enlargement besides can coerce unfastened sprinkler caputs, doing inadvertent activation when the pipes thaw out ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) .Solution to shriek freezingThere are three solutions to work out this sort of job. The first solution to this job is to run all sprinkler shrieking inside interior walls and utilize wall mounted sprinkler caputs ( Schunk, 2008 ) . The ground of replace ceiling mounted sprinkler caputs to palisade mounted sprinkler caputs is that the infinite above the ceiling is capable to stop deading temperatures. Another solution to this job is to blend antifreeze into the H2O ( Schunk, 2008 ) . It will forestall H2O inside the distribution pipe freezing when H2O mix with antifreeze. A job with this solution is that the care requires periodic draining of the system and replenishing with the proper mixture. This care is non merely expensive but besides really mussy and hard to execute in a finished house. The last solution to forestall freeze is to put in the fire sprinkler shrieking beneath the ceiling insularity ( Schunk, 2008 ) . This ceiling insularity must do certain use to whole country, uncomplete ceiling insularity even to a little country will do the pipe freezing. In extra, insularity is merely slows down heat transportation and the pipes will finally stop dead if temperatures alterations to really cold. The best manner to forestall this job happen is that the rawness builder or householder must speak to his contractor or sprinkler gross revenues representative about method to maintain fire sprinkler systems from stop deading temperatures. From illustration, the right method to this job that is chooses the dry pipe sprinkler system in the freeze temperatures.2.4.2.2 OverheatingHeat is used to trip fire sprinklers. Fire sprinklers will automatic activate when the heat is detected and no affair the heat will or will non do the harm to people and belongings. Where fire sprinkler are located excessively close to warmer, fanlights, and other beginnings of heat, the fire sprinkler can by chance travel off and dispatch the H2O out.Solution to overheatingHarmonizing to the regulations of National Fire Protection Associated criterion 13, installings of sprinkler systems require that higher temperature rated sprinkler be used. This means that the solder elements or glass bulbs used as the oper ating mechanisms will be designed and replaced with sprinkler caputs that are rated for higher heat. For illustration, normal glass bulbs will trip at temperatures of 68-74 but for higher rate of glass bulbs will trip at temperatures of 93-149 ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) . If the heat is above this scope, a qualified contractor should be hired to do the necessary alterations.2.4.3 Problem sing H2O supply2.4.3.1 Water supplyA typical domestic H2O supply for one and two household homes includes a 5/8 † H2O service and metre and may include a H2O force per unit area regulator and/or a backflow preventer. All of these devices are designed for a typical residential H2O flow rate of 5 to 7 gallons per minute. Unfortunately, they can non present the 26 gpm which required by a residential fire sprinkler system. All of these devices need to be increased in size to 1A? † in order the H2O flow rate go 26 gpm ( Schunk, 2008 ) . The job is, a residential H2O force per unit area regulator and H2O metre that are increased in size to manage the higher fire flows will non decently cut down the H2O force per unit area when operating at the low flow rates that are typical in one and two household homes ( Schunk, 2008 ) .Solution to H2O supplySolution to these jobs is to put in a seconded larger H2O service dedicated to the fire sprinkler system. This solution is non merely expensive ab initio, but will hold ongoing cost because many H2O purveyors ‘ have a minimal monthly rate per metre. The minimal monthly rate mean even there is no ingestion but besides back up to pay certain minimal sum. Besides, the rates typically increase with the size of the H2O metre, so the fire sprinkler metre rates will be more so the rates for the domestic H2O metre. Again, adding a seconded larger H2O service and metre is a concealed cost that is because it is portion of the pipe fitter ‘s occupation, and hence non included in the fire sprinkler contractor ‘s command ( Schunk, 2008 ) .